European Sovereignty Monitor

Defence and space

ESA launches first Celeste satellites to test LEO layer complementing Galileo

ESA launched the first two Celeste satellites, built by Spain's GMV and France's Thales Alenia Space, to test a low Earth orbit layer complementing Galileo; 11 satellites are planned by 2027 across over 50 firms in 14 countries.

Verified Editor-read ESA press release, 28 March 2026

What it does not test. It does not establish operational service; Celeste remains an in-orbit demonstration ahead of a full constellation.

How this item counts. Towards autonomy: it changes who made the parts, who operates. Binding 3 of 3 (in force or operating), scale 2 of 3 (medium), Verified counts in full: weight +12 of 36 possible. ESA-owned Celeste sats built by GMV/Thales launched and operated by Europe; demo phase, 2 of 11.. European Sovereignty Index

How this item was made. Drafted by an AI system (Claude (Anthropic)) from the source cited above; read and approved by the editor on 2026-09-20. How the record is made

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