Verified Editor-read European Commission Joint Research Centre, 22 December 2025
What it does not test. Does not establish the cause of the EU's slower R&D growth or prescribe any policy response.
How this item counts. This item is dated before the index starts on 1 January 2026, so it does not count in the European Sovereignty Index.
How this item was made. Drafted by an AI system (Claude (Anthropic)) from the source cited above; read and approved by the editor on 2026-10-07. How the record is made